بتن تزئینی
بتن تزئینی دارای ساختارهایی از بتن است که در که اکیداً به عناصر عملکرد بتن ها ارتباطی ندارد, به کار می رود.بتن بخاطر استحکام زیادش به ویژه زمانی که با فولاد rebar ترکیب می شود با ارزش پنداشته می شود. بتن می تواند برای دیوارهای تزئینی, کف زمین و سردر باجه ها که از نظر ساختاری زیبا و معتبر هستند به کار می رود اما پرداخت رنگ و روغن تزئینی ایجاد می کند که سنگ جلاداده ای را نشان می دهد و موادش هزینه کمی را در بردارد.
اشکال بتن تزئینی
سردر بتونی باجه ها
تنوع بتن بطور مطلوب سردر بتونی باجه ها ی با شکوهی را می سازد. سردر باجه ها از بتنی ساخته شده که در مدلی ساخته می شود که با گرانیت و سنگ مرمر نمی توان در آن سایز و اندازه ساخت.
Decorative concrete involves concrete structures being used in roles that are not strictly related to concretes functional elements. Concrete has long been prized for its great strength, especially when combined with steel rebar. Concrete can be used for, among other things, decorative walls, floors and countertops that are both structurally sound but also provide a decorative finish that resembles polished stone and has an extremely low cost for materials.
Forms of Decorative Concrete
Concrete Countertops
Concrete`s versatility lends ideally to creating rich countertops. Countertops made of concrete can be formed in a fashion that would be impractical in size and scale if made out of rock like granite or marble. Height, coloring and textures can be changed fairly easily. Aesthetic or practical items can be embedded in the concrete such as integral brass rails as pot holders or personal items such as shells, fossils, or mementos of purely sentimental value.
این مقاله کامل که در 7 صفحه ترجمه شده و به همراه متن اصلی عرضه می شود و در ضمن متن اصلی در 6صفحه می باشد.
ریسک سود مازاد، ارزش‌های ذاتی و قیمت‌های سهام:
از استفن پی باجینسکی و جیمز ام والن ـ
تحقیقات تجربی حسابداری شواهد نسبتاً کمی در مورد این که آیا از نظر ریسک ، اختلافات مقطعی سودی حسابداری با اختلافات مقطعی در قیمت‌های سهام، ارتباط دارند یا نه؟ ارائه می‌دهد. ما با توجه به ریسک یا خطر مربوط به ارقام حسابداری دو پرسش را مطرح می‌کنیم:
1 ـ آیا ارزیابی‌های خطر مربوط به حسابداری (یعنی خطر نظام مند و تغییر پذیری کل در مجموعه زمانی بهره مازاد حقوق صاحبان سهام شرکت) با ارزیابی بازار و برآورد خطر حقوق صاحبان سهام ارتباطی دارد یا نه؟
2 ـ اگر این چنین است، پس آیا این ارزیابی‌ها به صورت افزایشی با ارزشیابی بازار و ارزیابی خطر حقوق صاحبان سهام در ورای دیگر عوامل قابل بررسی و مشاهده، نظیر عوامل موجود در الگوی سه عامل French, Fama (1992) ارتباط دارند؟ ما بر مبنای یک معیار اساسی حسابداری در مورد ریسک قیمت بازار اختلاف میان قیمت واقعی سهام و الگوی ارزشیابی سود مازاد بر پایه برآورد ارزش سهام و با استفاده از نرخ بهره بد ون ریسک را ارزیابی می‌کنیم.
نتایج ما حاکی از آن است که هم ریسک سیستماتیک و هم مجموع تغییر پذیری در بهره مازاد حقوق صاحبان سهام به طور ناقص تفاوت قیمت گذاری را نشان می‌دهد، و تأثیر توضیحی مجموع تغییر پذیری به عوامل فاما و فرنچ ـ بقای بازار، اندازه شرکت و نسبت ارزش بازار به ارزش دفتری ـ افزوده می‌شود.
Fundamental valuation of equity shares requires estimation of expected future payoffs and the risk inherent in those
payoffs. Existing research on the usefulness of accounting earnings numbers has devoted far more attention to their role
as payoff-relevant information than to their role as risk-relevant information. One exception is the seminal Beaver et al.
(1970) study, which shows that accounting-based risk measures are positively associated with market model beta, but
which does not examine whether accounting-based risk measures explain share prices or returns. Thus far, the empirical
accounting research literature has surprisingly little to say about whether accounting earnings numbers capture
cross-sectional differences in risk that are associated with cross-sectional differences in share prices. In this study, we
investigate the risk-relevance of accounting numbers by addressing the question: Are accounting earnings-based risk
measures associated with the capital market’s assessment and pricing of firm risk? The answer to this question will inform
capital markets participants, as well as accounting researchers and teachers, about the fundamental usefulness of
accounting earnings numbers in assessing and pricing risk. The findings will also contribute to a better understanding of
how to specify accounting earnings-based valuation models, and how to use them in settings in which market-based risk
measures (e.g., market model beta) are not available.
We also address a second question: Are accounting earnings-based risk measures incrementally associated with the
market’s assessment and pricing of equity risk beyond other observable risk factors, such as the three factors in the Fama
and French (1992) model (market model beta, firm size, and book-to-market ratios)? Research by Fama and French
(1992) and others shows that the single factor capital asset pricing model may be incomplete because ad hoc factors
outside of the model (including factors based on accounting numbers, such as the book-to-market ratio) appear to explain
stock returns. Our investigation contributes evidence on whether accounting earnings-based risk measures capture
elements of priced risk that traditional measures of equity risk (e.g., market model beta) or factors identified by more
recent ad hoc approaches to risk (e.g., Fama and French 1992) do not capture.
Traditional theory on the role of accounting numbers in valuation, such as the residual income valuation models (e.g.,
Ohlson 1995; Feltham and Ohlson 1995), simplify the role of risk by assuming that investors are risk neutral and discount
rates are nonstochastic and flat. More recently, Feltham and Ohlson (1999) point out that equity values should price as
fundamental risk the nondiversifiable variability inherent in expected future residual income. Feltham and Ohlson (1999)
demonstrate analytically that (at least in principle) one can incorporate risk in residual income valuation by reducing
Accounting Review Jan 2003 v78 i1 p327(25) Page 1
- Reprinted with permission. Additional copying is prohibited. - G A L E G R O U P
Information Integrity
Residual income risk, intrinsic values, and share prices.
expected future abnormal earnings to certainty equivalents based on investors’ risk aversion across all possible events
and dates. (1) In this demonstration, Feltham and Ohlson (1999) measure abnormal earnings as earnings less a charge
for the cost of equity capital, basing the charge on the book value of equity and the term structure of risk-free interest
rates at the time of valuation. The pricing of risk therefore depends on the appropriate set of event-date-contingent prices
for future abnormal earnings measured as certainty equivalents. The Feltham and Orison (1999) demonstration is silent,
however, on how investors and empirical researchers should develop this complete set of event-date-contingent prices.
In the absence of implementable theoretical guidance, empirical applications of residual income valuation models have
incorporated risk into valuation by adding an ad hoc risk premium to a risk-free discount rate, with results that are
understandably sensitive to the risk premium assumption (e.g., Bernard 1994, 1995; Francis et al. 2000, 2001; Dechow et
al. 1999). Other recent studies invert the residual income valuation model to estimate the ex ante risk premia implicit in
discount rates, with mixed results (e.g., Claus and Thomas 2001; Gebhardt et al. 2001; Easton et al. 2000; Botosan and
Plumlee 2001, 2002). All of these prior studies use observed share values or stock returns to estimate the risk premia and
expected rates of return required by valuation models. Using observed share values or stock returns to assess risk
introduces a degree of circularity into valuation.
We develop a more direct approach that uses accounting numbers to assess firm risk and share values in a residual
income valuation context. First, we develop an accounting-based measure of the discount for risk inherent in share prices.
We estimate risk-free value based on the residual income model, analysts’ forecasts of earnings, and prevailing risk-free
rates of return. We then calculate the price differential--the risk-free value estimate minus share price. Conceptually, the
price differential is a simple yet theoretically defensible measure of the discount for risk implicit in share price. This
measure depends only on analysts’ expectations of earnings, the residual income valuation model, time value of money at
prevailing risk-free rates, and share price. The price differential is a potentially appealing firm-specific measure of the cost
of risk because it does not depend on any functional form of expected returns, or on explicit parameter estimates of
market risk measures (i.e., betas) or risk premia. As expected, price differentials are positive for nearly all firm-years
because risk-free values ignore the discounts for risk in share prices. As a practical matter, our estimates of price
differentials are highly positively correlated with estimates of expected rates of return implicit in share prices, but are
simpler to compute.
این مقاله کامل که در 59 صفحه ترجمه شده و به همراه متن اصلی عرضه می شود .
ریسک سود مازاد، ارزش‌های ذاتی و قیمت‌های سهام:
از استفن پی باجینسکی و جیمز ام والن ـ
تحقیقات تجربی حسابداری شواهد نسبتاً کمی در مورد این که آیا از نظر ریسک ، اختلافات مقطعی سودی حسابداری با اختلافات مقطعی در قیمت‌های سهام، ارتباط دارند یا نه؟ ارائه می‌دهد. ما با توجه به ریسک یا خطر مربوط به ارقام حسابداری دو پرسش را مطرح می‌کنیم:
1 ـ آیا ارزیابی‌های خطر مربوط به حسابداری (یعنی خطر نظام مند و تغییر پذیری کل در مجموعه زمانی بهره مازاد حقوق صاحبان سهام شرکت) با ارزیابی بازار و برآورد خطر حقوق صاحبان سهام ارتباطی دارد یا نه؟
2 ـ اگر این چنین است، پس آیا این ارزیابی‌ها به صورت افزایشی با ارزشیابی بازار و ارزیابی خطر حقوق صاحبان سهام در ورای دیگر عوامل قابل بررسی و مشاهده، نظیر عوامل موجود در الگوی سه عامل French, Fama (1992) ارتباط دارند؟ ما بر مبنای یک معیار اساسی حسابداری در مورد ریسک قیمت بازار اختلاف میان قیمت واقعی سهام و الگوی ارزشیابی سود مازاد بر پایه برآورد ارزش سهام و با استفاده از نرخ بهره بد ون ریسک را ارزیابی می‌کنیم.
نتایج ما حاکی از آن است که هم ریسک سیستماتیک و هم مجموع تغییر پذیری در بهره مازاد حقوق صاحبان سهام به طور ناقص تفاوت قیمت گذاری را نشان می‌دهد، و تأثیر توضیحی مجموع تغییر پذیری به عوامل فاما و فرنچ ـ بقای بازار، اندازه شرکت و نسبت ارزش بازار به ارزش دفتری ـ افزوده می‌شود.
Fundamental valuation of equity shares requires estimation of expected future payoffs and the risk inherent in those
payoffs. Existing research on the usefulness of accounting earnings numbers has devoted far more attention to their role
as payoff-relevant information than to their role as risk-relevant information. One exception is the seminal Beaver et al.
(1970) study, which shows that accounting-based risk measures are positively associated with market model beta, but
which does not examine whether accounting-based risk measures explain share prices or returns. Thus far, the empirical
accounting research literature has surprisingly little to say about whether accounting earnings numbers capture
cross-sectional differences in risk that are associated with cross-sectional differences in share prices. In this study, we
investigate the risk-relevance of accounting numbers by addressing the question: Are accounting earnings-based risk
measures associated with the capital market’s assessment and pricing of firm risk? The answer to this question will inform
capital markets participants, as well as accounting researchers and teachers, about the fundamental usefulness of
accounting earnings numbers in assessing and pricing risk. The findings will also contribute to a better understanding of
how to specify accounting earnings-based valuation models, and how to use them in settings in which market-based risk
measures (e.g., market model beta) are not available.
We also address a second question: Are accounting earnings-based risk measures incrementally associated with the
market’s assessment and pricing of equity risk beyond other observable risk factors, such as the three factors in the Fama
and French (1992) model (market model beta, firm size, and book-to-market ratios)? Research by Fama and French
(1992) and others shows that the single factor capital asset pricing model may be incomplete because ad hoc factors
outside of the model (including factors based on accounting numbers, such as the book-to-market ratio) appear to explain
stock returns. Our investigation contributes evidence on whether accounting earnings-based risk measures capture
elements of priced risk that traditional measures of equity risk (e.g., market model beta) or factors identified by more
recent ad hoc approaches to risk (e.g., Fama and French 1992) do not capture.
Traditional theory on the role of accounting numbers in valuation, such as the residual income valuation models (e.g.,
Ohlson 1995; Feltham and Ohlson 1995), simplify the role of risk by assuming that investors are risk neutral and discount
rates are nonstochastic and flat. More recently, Feltham and Ohlson (1999) point out that equity values should price as
fundamental risk the nondiversifiable variability inherent in expected future residual income. Feltham and Ohlson (1999)
demonstrate analytically that (at least in principle) one can incorporate risk in residual income valuation by reducing
Accounting Review Jan 2003 v78 i1 p327(25) Page 1
- Reprinted with permission. Additional copying is prohibited. - G A L E G R O U P
Information Integrity
Residual income risk, intrinsic values, and share prices.
expected future abnormal earnings to certainty equivalents based on investors’ risk aversion across all possible events
and dates. (1) In this demonstration, Feltham and Ohlson (1999) measure abnormal earnings as earnings less a charge
for the cost of equity capital, basing the charge on the book value of equity and the term structure of risk-free interest
rates at the time of valuation. The pricing of risk therefore depends on the appropriate set of event-date-contingent prices
for future abnormal earnings measured as certainty equivalents. The Feltham and Orison (1999) demonstration is silent,
however, on how investors and empirical researchers should develop this complete set of event-date-contingent prices.
In the absence of implementable theoretical guidance, empirical applications of residual income valuation models have
incorporated risk into valuation by adding an ad hoc risk premium to a risk-free discount rate, with results that are
understandably sensitive to the risk premium assumption (e.g., Bernard 1994, 1995; Francis et al. 2000, 2001; Dechow et
al. 1999). Other recent studies invert the residual income valuation model to estimate the ex ante risk premia implicit in
discount rates, with mixed results (e.g., Claus and Thomas 2001; Gebhardt et al. 2001; Easton et al. 2000; Botosan and
Plumlee 2001, 2002). All of these prior studies use observed share values or stock returns to estimate the risk premia and
expected rates of return required by valuation models. Using observed share values or stock returns to assess risk
introduces a degree of circularity into valuation.
We develop a more direct approach that uses accounting numbers to assess firm risk and share values in a residual
income valuation context. First, we develop an accounting-based measure of the discount for risk inherent in share prices.
We estimate risk-free value based on the residual income model, analysts’ forecasts of earnings, and prevailing risk-free
rates of return. We then calculate the price differential--the risk-free value estimate minus share price. Conceptually, the
price differential is a simple yet theoretically defensible measure of the discount for risk implicit in share price. This
measure depends only on analysts’ expectations of earnings, the residual income valuation model, time value of money at
prevailing risk-free rates, and share price. The price differential is a potentially appealing firm-specific measure of the cost
of risk because it does not depend on any functional form of expected returns, or on explicit parameter estimates of
market risk measures (i.e., betas) or risk premia. As expected, price differentials are positive for nearly all firm-years
because risk-free values ignore the discounts for risk in share prices. As a practical matter, our estimates of price
differentials are highly positively correlated with estimates of expected rates of return implicit in share prices, but are
simpler to compute.
این مقاله کامل که در 59 صفحه ترجمه شده و به همراه متن اصلی عرضه می شود .
تغییرات رنگ و محوسازی در آسفالت از طریق متد آنالیز تصویر محدود شده است.
خلاصه
جاده ای که با آسفالت رنگی سنگ فرش شده باشد می تواند به همان اندازه که امنیت و یکنواختی رانندگی را بهبود می دهد مجموعه دیدنی بهتری ایجاد کند. در این تحقیق، نمونه های آسفالت رنگی به همراه مقادیر مختلف رنگ برای مطالعه تغییرات رنگ سطح در دوره های مختلف افزایش طول عمر، بررسی می شوند. توضیح رنگ های سطح در نمونه ها در فضاهای رنگی HIS و RGB بررسی می شوند. دو نوع رنگ، سبز و قرمز، با 5 نسبت مختلف با آسفالت روشن برای ساخت نمونه های آسفالت رنگی ترکیب می شوند. نمونه ها برای 5 دهانه مختلف قدیمی در دستگاه آزمایش QUV در معرض نور ماوراء بنفش قرار می گیرند. نتایج نشان می دهد که مقدار و نوع رنگ افزوده شده و دهانه های مختلف قدیمی بر محوسازی آسفالت رنگی تأثیر می گذارد. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد که آسفالت روشن به همراه % 5 یا بیشتر رنگ قادر به ساخت آسفالتی است که بهتر رنگ شده است. سرانجام، آسفالت رنگی به همراه رنگ قرمز مقاومت بهتری را در مقابل نور ماوراء بنفش نشان داد.
مقدمه
آسفالت رنگی در زندگی روزمره کاربردهای مختلفی دارد. Moxon آسفالت رنگ روشن را برای سطح سد در فرانسه به کار برد. آسفالت رنگی از طریق منعکس کردن نور ماوراء بنفش از سطح به عنوان روپوش آب بند گرم به کار می رود، بنابراین در نور ممتد خورشید دما را 5 تا c ْ 10 کاهش می دهد.
Abstract
Colored asphalt pavement can create better visual setting as well as improve the safety and smoothness of driving. In this
research, colored asphalt samples with various amounts of dye are examined to study the surface color changes at different aging
periods. Distributions of surface colors on the samples are analyzed in both the RGB and HSI color spaces. Two types of dyes,
green and red, with five different ratios are mixed with clear asphalt to make colored asphalt samples. The samples are exposed
to ultraviolet light in the QUV tester for five different aging spans. Results show that the amount and type of dye added, and the
different aging spans affect fading in the colored asphalt. Results also indicate that clear asphalt mixed with 5% or more of dye
is capable of manufacturing better-colored asphalt. Finally, colored asphalt with red dye showed better resistance to ultraviolet
light.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Colored asphalt pavement; QUV test; Image analysis
1. Introduction
Color asphalt has been applied in different usages
related to daily life. Moxon w1x applied light colored
asphalt, Mexphalt CP2 made by Shell, to the surface of
a dam in France. The colored asphalt works as a heat
shield by reflecting ultraviolet light from the surface,
thus lowering the temperature by 5–10 8C in prolonged
sunlight. In order to improve the safety of bicycle-motor
vehicle crossings in America, the city of Portland selected
10 conflict areas to pave with paint and blue
thermoplastic as the colored pavement and employ a
novel signage system. Results show that the overwhelming
majority of cyclists as well as a majority of motorists
surveyed felt the colored pavement enhanced the safety
of crossings (Hunter et al. w2x). Smith w3x discovered
that interlocking color concrete pavements offer many
options for applications in both architecture and engineering.
He also noted that colored pavements could
*Corresponding author. Tel.: q886-7-6577711x3320; fax: q886-
7-6577461.
E-mail addresses: dflin@isu.edu.tw (D.-F. Lin),
hlluo@isu.edu.tw (H.-L. Luo).
potentially lower the cost of maintenance and effectively
resist deterioration due to deicing salts.
In Taiwan, asphalt concrete pavement is dominantly
paved in the local and providential highways. These
pavements were constructed primarily in the series of
black color and hence make cities look monotonously.
Development of colored asphalt pavement would not
only create cities with colorful outlook but also improve
the safety of driving. Currently, the application of these
pavements has been applied mainly to the parking areas,
scenic routes, parks, and other important governmental
units. However, fading of the colored asphalt pavement
caused by the climate and other factors is commonly
seen in both the construction and usage of pavement.
This fading of color will result in the loss of beauty in
the pavement and the repaving of the surface. Consequently,
this will increase the cost of maintenance of
pavement, which is contrary to the original intention of
the colored asphalt. For some cases, its color faded
seriously within 1 year. Since demands in colored
asphalt are high, and in response to improvements of
living standard in Taiwan, governmental agencies have
planned a number of projects for colored asphalt paveاین مقاله کامل که در 10 صفحه ترجمه شده و به همراه متن اصلی عرضه می شود و در ضمن متن اصلی در 7صفحه می باشد.
تغییرات رنگ و محوسازی در آسفالت از طریق متد آنالیز تصویر محدود شده است.
خلاصه
جاده ای که با آسفالت رنگی سنگ فرش شده باشد می تواند به همان اندازه که امنیت و یکنواختی رانندگی را بهبود می دهد مجموعه دیدنی بهتری ایجاد کند. در این تحقیق، نمونه های آسفالت رنگی به همراه مقادیر مختلف رنگ برای مطالعه تغییرات رنگ سطح در دوره های مختلف افزایش طول عمر، بررسی می شوند. توضیح رنگ های سطح در نمونه ها در فضاهای رنگی HIS و RGB بررسی می شوند. دو نوع رنگ، سبز و قرمز، با 5 نسبت مختلف با آسفالت روشن برای ساخت نمونه های آسفالت رنگی ترکیب می شوند. نمونه ها برای 5 دهانه مختلف قدیمی در دستگاه آزمایش QUV در معرض نور ماوراء بنفش قرار می گیرند. نتایج نشان می دهد که مقدار و نوع رنگ افزوده شده و دهانه های مختلف قدیمی بر محوسازی آسفالت رنگی تأثیر می گذارد. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد که آسفالت روشن به همراه % 5 یا بیشتر رنگ قادر به ساخت آسفالتی است که بهتر رنگ شده است. سرانجام، آسفالت رنگی به همراه رنگ قرمز مقاومت بهتری را در مقابل نور ماوراء بنفش نشان داد.
مقدمه
آسفالت رنگی در زندگی روزمره کاربردهای مختلفی دارد. Moxon آسفالت رنگ روشن را برای سطح سد در فرانسه به کار برد. آسفالت رنگی از طریق منعکس کردن نور ماوراء بنفش از سطح به عنوان روپوش آب بند گرم به کار می رود، بنابراین در نور ممتد خورشید دما را 5 تا c ْ 10 کاهش می دهد.
Abstract
Colored asphalt pavement can create better visual setting as well as improve the safety and smoothness of driving. In this
research, colored asphalt samples with various amounts of dye are examined to study the surface color changes at different aging
periods. Distributions of surface colors on the samples are analyzed in both the RGB and HSI color spaces. Two types of dyes,
green and red, with five different ratios are mixed with clear asphalt to make colored asphalt samples. The samples are exposed
to ultraviolet light in the QUV tester for five different aging spans. Results show that the amount and type of dye added, and the
different aging spans affect fading in the colored asphalt. Results also indicate that clear asphalt mixed with 5% or more of dye
is capable of manufacturing better-colored asphalt. Finally, colored asphalt with red dye showed better resistance to ultraviolet
light.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Colored asphalt pavement; QUV test; Image analysis
1. Introduction
Color asphalt has been applied in different usages
related to daily life. Moxon w1x applied light colored
asphalt, Mexphalt CP2 made by Shell, to the surface of
a dam in France. The colored asphalt works as a heat
shield by reflecting ultraviolet light from the surface,
thus lowering the temperature by 5–10 8C in prolonged
sunlight. In order to improve the safety of bicycle-motor
vehicle crossings in America, the city of Portland selected
10 conflict areas to pave with paint and blue
thermoplastic as the colored pavement and employ a
novel signage system. Results show that the overwhelming
majority of cyclists as well as a majority of motorists
surveyed felt the colored pavement enhanced the safety
of crossings (Hunter et al. w2x). Smith w3x discovered
that interlocking color concrete pavements offer many
options for applications in both architecture and engineering.
He also noted that colored pavements could
*Corresponding author. Tel.: q886-7-6577711x3320; fax: q886-
7-6577461.
E-mail addresses: dflin@isu.edu.tw (D.-F. Lin),
hlluo@isu.edu.tw (H.-L. Luo).
potentially lower the cost of maintenance and effectively
resist deterioration due to deicing salts.
In Taiwan, asphalt concrete pavement is dominantly
paved in the local and providential highways. These
pavements were constructed primarily in the series of
black color and hence make cities look monotonously.
Development of colored asphalt pavement would not
only create cities with colorful outlook but also improve
the safety of driving. Currently, the application of these
pavements has been applied mainly to the parking areas,
scenic routes, parks, and other important governmental
units. However, fading of the colored asphalt pavement
caused by the climate and other factors is commonly
seen in both the construction and usage of pavement.
This fading of color will result in the loss of beauty in
the pavement and the repaving of the surface. Consequently,
this will increase the cost of maintenance of
pavement, which is contrary to the original intention of
the colored asphalt. For some cases, its color faded
seriously within 1 year. Since demands in colored
asphalt are high, and in response to improvements of
living standard in Taiwan, governmental agencies have
planned a number of projects for colored asphalt paveاین مقاله کامل که در 10 صفحه ترجمه شده و به همراه متن اصلی عرضه می شود و در ضمن متن اصلی در 7صفحه می باشد.
رازهای موفقیت مدیران-Secret of Success ترجمه متن اصلی
استدلال مدیران
راز موفقیت : به همان اندازه که قضیه نادرست کریستنسن اثبات می شود،تشخیص راز موفقیت بیشتر از کتاب درسی مدیریت اتخاذ می شود.
نوامبر2003
روبرت هلر
انسان قرون وسطایی برای سنگ فیلسوفی جستجو کردکه می توانست اصل فلز را به طلا تغییر شکل دهد.اغلب مدیران و مؤسسان شرکت یک امید مشابه و معمولا بیهوده را دنبال می کنند،اما نیازی نیست که آن بیهوده باشد،از طریق نتایج شرکتها دریک صنعت شناخته می شود.
آنها از فروش درسالهای1994 -1976 شصت و دو میلیون دلاربدست آوردند،قیمت برای رقبایی که سنگ را نیافته بودند،بیست مرتبه زمان بندی شد.اگرچه که بقدر کافی متقاعدکننده نیست،فروش در شرکت در گروه خسته و کسل تنها یک5/64 میلیون دلاراضافی را میانگین می گیرد : میانگین موفقیت 9/1 بیلیون دلاری – یک تفاوت 29 – رتبه ای است.آمارهای اضافی از کتاب یک مدیریت مشهورو درست نوشته کلیتون ام 0 کریستنسن بدست می آید.آن عنوان واضحی است،مثله غامض بدعت گذار :زمانی که تکنولوژی های جدید باعث می شوند شرکت های بزرگ ورشکست شوند،عدالت را نسبت به پیغامش کمتر رعایت می کنند که در همه زمانها برای همه مدیران و شرکتها به کار برده می شود و فقط برای بدعت گذاران نیست.سنگ فیلسوف که در بالا درآمارهای اضافی ذکرشد،بهرحال ابداع در تکنولوژی های در هم گسیخته است.رشد موفقیت جستجو شده از طریق عضویت بازارهای کوچک آشکار شده است.در تضادبا این،علامت گذاری های قبلی رشد رادر بازارهای بزرگ دنبال کردند.هر دو گروه ریسک را قبول کردند.برندگان فرصتی داشتند که درآن یک بازارآشکارشده برای تکنولوژی در هم گسیخته به هیچ وجه نبایدآشکارمی شد.بازندگانی که خطر رقابتی مبارزه بر هند شرکت های تاسیس شده در بازارهای تاسیس شده را پذیرفتندو اولین درس این بود که این اساسا استراتژی ضعیفی است.
Secret of Success: As Christensen`s Paradox testifies, finding the secret of success takes more than textbook management
Nov 2003
Robert Heller
Medieval man searched for the philosopher`s stone that could turn base metal into gold. Managers and entrepreneurs often follow a similar, usually vain hope. But it needn"t be vain, judged by the results of companies in one industry. They achieved $62 billion in sales in 1976-1994, twenty times the figure for rivals which hadn"t found the stone.
If that isn"t convincing enough, sales per firm in the lagging group only averaged a cumulative $64.5 million: the successes averaged $1.9 billion - a difference of 29 times. The statistics come from a truly remarkable management book by Clayton M. Christensen. Its explicit title, The Innovator`s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, does less than justice to its message, which applies to all managements and all companies all the time - and not only to innovators.
The philosopher`s stone in the statistics cited above, however, is innovation in "disruptive technologies". The successes "sought growth by entering small emerging markets". The back-markers, in contrast, pursued growth in large markets. Both groups took risks. The winners took the chance that an emerging market for the disruptive technology might not appear at all. The losers accepted the competitive risk of battling against established companies in established markets - and the first lesson is that this is fundamentally poor strategy.
MANAGEMENT PARADOX
The book`s wholly convincing thesis, however, is that large companies are locked into this mode. They are forced by customer demands and competitive pressures to invest heavily to sustain their existing strengths and, if possible, to enhance that prowess. This gives rise to Christensen`s Paradox. The conventional explanation when great firms stumble is that they suffer from "incompetence, bureaucracy, arrogance, tired executive blood, poor planning, and short-term investment horizons." The Paradox, however, states that large companies fail, absolutely or relatively, in face of disruptive technologies, not because they are poorly managed, but because their management is excellent.
جهت خرید این مقاله کامل که در 15 صفحه ترجمه و به همراه متن اصلی می باشد . شما هم اکنون می توانید با اتصال به یکی از درگاههای پرداخت آنلاین بانک های ملت و یا اقتصاد نوین نسبت به پرداخت آنلاین هزینه اقدام نمایید و بلافاصله پس از پرداخت فایل را به صورت کامل از سایت و یا ایمیل دریافت کنید.
رازهای موفقیت مدیران-Secret of Success ترجمه متن اصلی
استدلال مدیران
راز موفقیت : به همان اندازه که قضیه نادرست کریستنسن اثبات می شود،تشخیص راز موفقیت بیشتر از کتاب درسی مدیریت اتخاذ می شود.
نوامبر2003
روبرت هلر
انسان قرون وسطایی برای سنگ فیلسوفی جستجو کردکه می توانست اصل فلز را به طلا تغییر شکل دهد.اغلب مدیران و مؤسسان شرکت یک امید مشابه و معمولا بیهوده را دنبال می کنند،اما نیازی نیست که آن بیهوده باشد،از طریق نتایج شرکتها دریک صنعت شناخته می شود.
آنها از فروش درسالهای1994 -1976 شصت و دو میلیون دلاربدست آوردند،قیمت برای رقبایی که سنگ را نیافته بودند،بیست مرتبه زمان بندی شد.اگرچه که بقدر کافی متقاعدکننده نیست،فروش در شرکت در گروه خسته و کسل تنها یک5/64 میلیون دلاراضافی را میانگین می گیرد : میانگین موفقیت 9/1 بیلیون دلاری – یک تفاوت 29 – رتبه ای است.آمارهای اضافی از کتاب یک مدیریت مشهورو درست نوشته کلیتون ام 0 کریستنسن بدست می آید.آن عنوان واضحی است،مثله غامض بدعت گذار :زمانی که تکنولوژی های جدید باعث می شوند شرکت های بزرگ ورشکست شوند،عدالت را نسبت به پیغامش کمتر رعایت می کنند که در همه زمانها برای همه مدیران و شرکتها به کار برده می شود و فقط برای بدعت گذاران نیست.سنگ فیلسوف که در بالا درآمارهای اضافی ذکرشد،بهرحال ابداع در تکنولوژی های در هم گسیخته است.رشد موفقیت جستجو شده از طریق عضویت بازارهای کوچک آشکار شده است.در تضادبا این،علامت گذاری های قبلی رشد رادر بازارهای بزرگ دنبال کردند.هر دو گروه ریسک را قبول کردند.برندگان فرصتی داشتند که درآن یک بازارآشکارشده برای تکنولوژی در هم گسیخته به هیچ وجه نبایدآشکارمی شد.بازندگانی که خطر رقابتی مبارزه بر هند شرکت های تاسیس شده در بازارهای تاسیس شده را پذیرفتندو اولین درس این بود که این اساسا استراتژی ضعیفی است.
Secret of Success: As Christensen`s Paradox testifies, finding the secret of success takes more than textbook management
Nov 2003
Robert Heller
Medieval man searched for the philosopher`s stone that could turn base metal into gold. Managers and entrepreneurs often follow a similar, usually vain hope. But it needn"t be vain, judged by the results of companies in one industry. They achieved $62 billion in sales in 1976-1994, twenty times the figure for rivals which hadn"t found the stone.
If that isn"t convincing enough, sales per firm in the lagging group only averaged a cumulative $64.5 million: the successes averaged $1.9 billion - a difference of 29 times. The statistics come from a truly remarkable management book by Clayton M. Christensen. Its explicit title, The Innovator`s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, does less than justice to its message, which applies to all managements and all companies all the time - and not only to innovators.
The philosopher`s stone in the statistics cited above, however, is innovation in "disruptive technologies". The successes "sought growth by entering small emerging markets". The back-markers, in contrast, pursued growth in large markets. Both groups took risks. The winners took the chance that an emerging market for the disruptive technology might not appear at all. The losers accepted the competitive risk of battling against established companies in established markets - and the first lesson is that this is fundamentally poor strategy.
MANAGEMENT PARADOX
The book`s wholly convincing thesis, however, is that large companies are locked into this mode. They are forced by customer demands and competitive pressures to invest heavily to sustain their existing strengths and, if possible, to enhance that prowess. This gives rise to Christensen`s Paradox. The conventional explanation when great firms stumble is that they suffer from "incompetence, bureaucracy, arrogance, tired executive blood, poor planning, and short-term investment horizons." The Paradox, however, states that large companies fail, absolutely or relatively, in face of disruptive technologies, not because they are poorly managed, but because their management is excellent.
جهت خرید این مقاله کامل که در 15 صفحه ترجمه و به همراه متن اصلی می باشد . شما هم اکنون می توانید با اتصال به یکی از درگاههای پرداخت آنلاین بانک های ملت و یا اقتصاد نوین نسبت به پرداخت آنلاین هزینه اقدام نمایید و بلافاصله پس از پرداخت فایل را به صورت کامل از سایت و یا ایمیل دریافت کنید.
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